1799+: Sturgis’s (pidgin?) Haida & Tlingit word lists
From “The Journal of William Sturgis” edited by S.W. Jackman (Victoria, BC: Sono Nis, 1978), pages 108-112 — “GLOSSARY of Indian Languages by W. Sturgis”.
(Image credit: Amazon.com)
An endnote in that book observes that this GLOSSARY was probably composed later than the first (1799) visit by Sturgis to the coast, and therefore likely summarizes a relatively solid understanding of the languages as he encountered them. In fact the 1864 biography of Sturgis confirms this, telling us that the vocabulary was written in his diaries, not in his journal.
(I’m blogging the linguistic contents of Sturgis’s journal entries separately from today’s lexicon.)
This glossary looks really valuable, and I’d ask my Tlingit & Haida (and Tsimshian) scholar/speaker friends to evaluate these for signs of pidginization.
My impression is that there’s a significant proportion of material here that looks to be connected with the pan-Northwest Coast pidgin that was taking shape in the early years of contact between the Indigenous people and Euro-Americans.
I don’t see anything to make us think that there existed any separate “Nootka Jargon” vs. “Haida Jargon”…
…Instead, as I’ve been showing in my string of posts about this historical period on the NW coast, there appears to have been a practice by the White visitors of diligently gathering any verbal scraps from each Native community they visited, and trying to use those words in any other location where they could make themselves understood.
This strategy was implemented between Prince William Sound in Alaska and the Columbia River estuary in Washington and Oregon. It eventually led to the formation of Chinuk Wawa (Chinook Jargon).
A guide to the word list
Some of the English “definitions” here are interesting for their resemblance to known Pidgin and Creole English expressions that were disseminated far and wide by sailing crews of the era, for example, ‘all the same’ and ‘by and by’. Most PNW Coast trading ships also visited Hawai’i and southeastern China ports such as Canton and Macao. I should add that some (pidgin?) English words must have been used in the PNW Coast amorphous trade lingo by Sturgis & Co., but I bet you a dollar that those words would never be included in the sort of published “GLOSSARY of Indian Languages” that we have here, just as English and sometimes French words were routinely omitted from written-up vocabularies of Chinuk Wawa.
In the following list, I’ve added a symbol <=> showing that the Haida & Tlingit words look awfully similar to each other, despite these being unrelated languages. These may be likely to be loanwords.
I’ve put in orange type any words known to be foreign, such as “Nootka Jargon” words.
Any words that I can already identify as pidginized Haida or Tlingit are underlined.
I’ve added in, *between asterisks*, those Native words that Sturgis shows us in his journals (and in the 1864 biography of him) that he somewhow left out below.
Some of the words’s spellings below are probably the editor’s misreadings of Sturgis’s handwriting, and/or Sturgis’s misreadings of his old notes or of someone else’s.
Okay, now,
The word list
English Caiganee [Haida] Sheetkah [Lingít]
A
Alive Sken Sheno
All Wattlewan chuok.el.lecul
All the same Coot.cang.ong —
*cootnanous*
*Armor made of elkskin* *Clemmel* *Kas* [DDR — I’m guessing that the latter was used in Tlingit country, but maybe both were Haida usages only]
Ax Tash,toe Shin,a,ca,woggy
Afraid Klah,wark —
*American; Bostonian* *Boston* —
*American/Bostonian ship* *Boston clue* —
*and* *and* —
B
Brass Yah,can.nats <=> Jah,ca,nats
Cow,weets <=> Ca oots
Belong Cots Ay,wte
Black Stung-all Tooch
By and by Hah-win-na T’sek
Binding or list [~ribbon?] Ca,sect Hamah
Bring Hah,lah Ae ta
Brother Tu,ny —
Bird Hy,it —
Bad Pee,Shack —
*British* *King George* —
*British ship* *King George clue* —
C
Change À là Chuck.a.nah
Whee C’hoon
Chief Smoket al.cà goo
Come here Kut te Tuh.a keu
Circle Cunsle,gah Ca lqua
Common wire Cte.cai Ca,hees
Common man Che,cats [? resembles the “Nootka” word,not Haida] Clinket
Cloth Eh,el,ket,sau Coo
Coming Lous,wat,lingungua —
Chest [see also ‘wood’] Cook <=> Cook
Cold Luec —
D
Duck Su,sa Cha,a
Deer Kaht Co.a.can
Dark Sung-e —
E
Ebb tide — Thlun
Eat Tee,ke,ter —
*Ermine skin* *click* —
F
To Fight Coo.cle.ster Ut oo so,cle
Flood tide — Fah,car,mah,tin
Fire Tsan,o Uno,a,tuck,a,ny
To Fire a musket Tou,katak —
Friend Keel;sly —
Fish, or Halibut Hah,co Chah,tle
Far off Clit,sing,ah —
Father Ong,i —
To Feel Klick,u,tung —
*Foolish* *connug* —
G
Gun, powder Hhuck-tah —
Grandfather Cher ny —
Grandmother Nah ny —
Go away Clew tu —
Gnat Yew,wan Ac,lain
Great many Quon Shaka,te,hen
Great Coat Koo tetts <=> Kee,nahts
Good Lux Wah,gun
Very good Lu,ng,my,guce —
Glass/looking Han,sang,er Tun,à,ark,tatien
H
Hard to deal with Ke,aouts Cut,lut,sin
Hand, here À là Ai,te,tu
He Wis,cai Yeite
Him or her Annis —
Harbour Ha’wer Cut,à,quank
To Hear Cuttungung To,ar,àk
How many Kus,cloo —
I
Iron Yu,yetts <=> Cai,yates
[see also ‘white people’, ‘ship’s anchor’]
I Cay,gen Aha,gee
Island Qáx Kā,acq
K
Kitt [kitten?] Cah,dy Kar,wilth
L
Let me see Enter,King Sky,caw,cossatin
Land or country Lan ah —
M
Man Algo Clinket
More T’sook Tah,in,in
Mast — A,sar
Musket Poo Oo,nah
Mother Aor ai —
Mad Sha,hats —
Moon Khoon —
*Molasses* *brassis* —
N
No Come Klake
Near Anana —
No more, or all’s gone He,lew [which became Chinuk Wawa’s hílu] Shev,er,kick
Needle Sling Tah,cuttle
O
Open it Was,the,stah —
P
Pearl shell [abalone] Quella <=> Cooner,haa
Put on El,harto —
A Pot Coontle Sis,ce long
*People* *Hardi* —
Q
Quick Khooh,ta or Coo,es ta
How yet
R
Red Mush —
Rock Click Eech
Rope Que —
*Rum* *Lambs* —
*(The) rum is good* *Lambs lux* —
S
*Sea otter robe* *Cotsack* —
Sea Otters Skin Nucky Yock,chick
Sea Otters tail Cuts,ke,ow U,duck,litsee
Say or speak Coo,ooo Coo,setto
Small Sum,mun <=> Saw-wan
Steal Quelt Nuhh
Sleep Klick àh Paah
Stone Phlù,hà —
Sand Tash Cla,oo
Salt water or the sea Pongue-ah [tang ‘seawater’] Aâ,tte [‘salt’]
Sunset Pangà Sui,e —
Sun Sui [juuyáay ‘the sun’] —
Sunrise Seek Sui e —
Smock Enak Clitkah [‘woman(‘s) dress’] —
Sick Stick [perhaps ‘is (s)he sick?’ with -gw yes/no question particle] Hah,ten,eek [‘I am sick’?]
Smoke Hey,u —
Slave Hal,dung —
Smell Schoon —
Scalp Seals,cull —
Song Cat,sook —
Sister Cheshi —
Softly Koo,sle,slah —
See King —
T
Trade Water [‘sell’] Wah [‘buy’?]
Tide Tsoo Ha,at
Thick Canga —
This As,ky —
That Wes,ky —
Tell Shew,long —
Taste Kook,ut,tung —
Think Keisgut —
U
Understand I su,tin,chin Que,done
V
Vessel [ship] Clue Ààn [‘(floating) land; village’, a word now out of date]
W
Water Hoontle —
Wind Patsoo —
Woman Enah —
Wood [see ‘chest’] Cook —
What is your name Kis,nick,ea,gong Wus,tu,ar,sack
White Hah,tak —
White people Ya,yates,hardi [‘iron people’] —
*Eijets hardi*
Write Kat,sui,long —
Y
You Tin,ke,ah Yà,à,gee
Yes Ong, or oh! Yàah
Your omitted in [sic] Cà
A
A Ship’s anchor Tung,ak ya,yates [‘stern(‘s) iron’] —
Numerals from one to ten
One Squan,sen Che,claick
Two Sting Tarke
Three Schoonwell Nesk
Four Stunsun Tah,koon
Five Klàth Che,chin
Six Clunelth Clat,to,shoo
Seven Squaw Tàc,ha,too,shoo
Eight Stan,sang,ar Nesk,ha,too,shoo
Nine Tla,al,squair,sung Coc,shuck
Ten Klathe Chincart
One hundred Lug,ua,clathe Chin,cat,cah
Bonus fact
Of related interest is this, from Sturgis’s “Autobiographical Reminiscences of the Sea Otter Trade from 1799-1804”, a 22-page manuscript at the Massachusetts Historical Society:
“The Ship Bell Savage was this year attacked in a very daring manner, by the Natives of a Port in Lat. 52.”30′ call’d Wacosh‘s.”
(Image credit: Massachusetts Historical Society)
The “Wacosh’s“, if that latitude indicator is reasonably accurate, could be some group such as the Heiltsuks of the modern Bella Bella area (52.1605° N, 128.1456° W). That’s interesting, as the word wakash is mostly associated with Nuuchahnulth people farther south! The word, however, is said to be known also among the Kwakwaka’waks and their northerly relatives, which would include the Heiltsuk people.
“Tooch” bears resemblance to tsimshian “t’u’utsk”/Nisga’a “t’uuts’kw” both of which meaning to be black
And “mush” bears resemblance to tsimshian “mask” and gitxsan “masxw” both meaning to be red
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Thank you so much for contributing these remarks! — Dave R.
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