Sometimes we get multiple reports of a single historical occurrence.

Gold prospecting depended heavily on Indigenous permission, cooperation, and labour.

Many, many place names north of Louisiana, and from the Missouri River westward, are Métis whether you realize that they were originally French or not.

The Seattle Times recently ran an article on the history of Denny Hall at the University of Washington.

William “Willie” McCluskey (1862-1939) was a Swinomish Reservation (La Conner, Washington) man who wrote a number of fine Chinook Jargon letters in the post-frontier era.

Typically unsympathetic Settler newspaper coverage of Native defendants in the colonial courts…

From one of the great Canadian magazines, an impressively well reported account of the colonialist prohibition on potlatching.

Here as usual I’ll refer to the mixed Cree-French language Michif for Métis French word forms.

Times change…It’s incredible how many times we’ve found that the songs folks felt like translating into Chinook Jargon were racist minstrel tunes!

READER CHALLENGE: read on to see if you have ideas about some French source words! I’ve written that certain entire families, and types, of languages are fairly impervious to external influence.